Smells Within Classes

Smell Description Refactorings
Comments Should only be used to clarify "why" not "what".
Can quickly become verbose and reduce code clarity.
Extract Method
Rename Method Introduce Assertion
Long Method The longer the method the harder it is to see what it is doing. Extract Method
Replace Temp with Query
Introduce Parameter Object Preserve Whole Object Replace Method with Method Object
Long Parameter List Don't pass in everything the method needs; pass in enough so that the method can get to everything it needs. Replace Parameter with Method
Preserve Whole Object Introduce Parameter Object
Duplicated Code
Extract Method
Pull Up Field
Form Template Method
Substitute Algorithm
Large Class A class that is trying to do too much can usually be identified by looking at how many instance variables it has. When a class has too many instance variables, duplicated code cannot be far behind. Extract Class
Extract Subclass
Type Embedded in Name Avoid redundancy in naming. Prefer schedule.add(course) to schedule.addCourse(course) Rename Method
Uncommunicative Name Choose names that communicate intent (pick the best name for the time, change it later if necessary). Rename Method
Inconsistent Names Use names consistently. Rename Method
Dead Code A variable, parameter, method, code fragment, class, etc is not used anywhere (perhaps other than in tests). Delete the code.
Speculative Generality Don't over-generalize your code in an attempt to predict future needs. If you have abstract classes that aren't doing much use Collapse Hierarchy
Remove unnecessary delegation with Inline Class
Methods with unused parameters - Remove Parameter
Methods named with odd abstract names should be brought down to earth with Rename Method

Smells Between Classes

Smell Description Refactorings
Primitive Obsession Use small objects to represent data such as money (which combines quantity and currency) or a date range object Replace Data Value with Object
Replace Type Code with Class Replace Type Code with Subclasses
Replace Type Code with State/Strategy
If you have a group of fields that should go together, use Extract Class
If the primitives occur in a param lists use Introduce Parameter Object When working with an array consider Replace Array With Object
Data Class Classes with fields and getters and setters and nothing else (aka, Data Transfer Objects - DTO) Move in behavior with Move Method
Data Clumps Clumps of data items that are always found together. Turn the clumps into an object with Extract Class Then continue the refactoring with Introduce Parameter Object or Preserve Whole Object
Refused Bequest Subclasses don't want or need everything they inherit.
The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) says that you should be able to treat any subclass of a class as an example of that class.
Most of the time that's fine, just don't use what you don't need. Occassionally you'll need to create a new sibling class and use Push Down Method and Push Down Field
The smell is worst if a subclass is reusing behavior but does not want to support the interface of the superclass. In this case use Replace Inheritance with Delegation
Inappropriate Intimacy Two classes are overly entertwined. Move Method Move Field
Change Bidirectional Association to Unidirectional Association
Extract Class Hide Delegate Replace Inheritance with Delegation
Lazy Class Classes that aren't doing enough should be refactored away. Collapse Hierarchy
Inline Class
Feature Envy Often a method that seems more interested in a class other than the one it's actually in. In general, try to put a method in the class that contains most of the data the method needs. Move Method May need to use Extract Method first, then Move Method
Message Chains This is the case in which a client has to use one object to get another, and then use that one to get to another, etc. Any change to the intermediate relationships causes the client to have to change. Hide Delegate
Or try using Extract Method and then Move Method to move it down the chain.
Middle Man When a class is delegating almost everything to another class, it may be time to refactor out the middle man. Remove Middle Man
If only a few methods aren't doing much, use Inline Method
You could also consider turning the middle man into a subclass with Replace Delegation with Inheritance
Divergent Change Occurs when one class is commonly changed in different ways for different reasons. Any change to handle a variation should change a single class. Identify everything that changes for a particular cause and use Extract Class to put them all together.
Shotgun Surgery The opposite of Divergent Change. A change results in the need to make a lot of little changes in several classes. Use Move Method and Move Field to put all the changes into a single class.
Often you can use Inline Class to bring a whole bunch of behavior together.
Parallel Inheritance Hierarchies A special case of Shotgun Surgery. Every time you make a subclass of one class, you also have to make a subclass of another. Use Move Method and Move Field to combine the hierarchies into one.

This page originally appeared at http://wiki.java.net/twiki/bin/view/People/SmellsToRefactorings