A calendar can be displayed at five levels of detail. The levels, from the greatest detail to the least are: an individual scheduled item, a day, a week, a month, and a year. The commands to show these levels are the first five items in the `View' menu (see Figure 2 ). In the discussion that follows, these are referred to as the view-level commands.

During normal use of the Calendar Tool, the user has one or more viewing windows displayed on the screen. The most recently selected window is called current. When the user wants to view the calendar at a different level than is displayed in the current window, she chooses one of the five view-level commands.

Normally, each of the five viewing levels is displayed in a separate level-specific window, sized appropriately to fit its contents. For example, if the user executes a `View Day' command followed by a `View Year' command, both a daily and yearly window are displayed on the screen.

By default, one separate window is used at each of the five view levels. Hence, there are up to five active windows for the view-level commands, each holding the result of the most recently executed command at a particular level. When the user changes the display at a particular level, that level's display is changed and brought to the front, without a new window being created. For example, if the user moves from one day to the next at the daily level, the day-level display window is changed, with no new window created.

The user may change the default display style by selecting Two-Window or Multi-Window viewing mode in the Windows menu. In two- window mode, the results of all viewing commands are shown in just two windows, one for calendars and the other for lists. In multi-window mode, the results of each and every view command are shown in a separate new window, even for commands at the same level. For example, if the user executes two successive `View Month' commands in multi-window mode, the results are shown in two separate month-view windows. This allows the user to create side-by-side displays of different calendar periods. Complete details of two-window and multi-window viewing are described in Section .

By default, the target date for all view-level commands is today's date. The user can select another target by clicking on a desired date in the current window. For example, the user can click on a specific date in a month view and choose the 'View Day' menu item. In response, the system displays the day- level view for the selected date. Complete details of target date selection are covered in Section

2.3.1.1. Day View

To view the daily details for today's date, the user chooses the `View Day' menu command. In response, the system displays a window of the form shown in Figure 13.

In Figure 13, the user is viewing the details of Wednesday, September 23, which is today's date in this scenario. The items shown in Figure 13 reflect a number of scheduling commands having been performed by the user, subsequent to the commands illustrated in the scenario of Section 2.2. In particular, the user has scheduled some typical items such as meetings, lunch dates, and class lectures.

The day view shows the scheduled items for a day in abbreviated form. The column on the left lists the starting times for scheduled items. The wider column on the right shows the item titles. The displayed title for one item is always a single line high; long titles are viewed by horizontal scrolling or enlarging the display window as necessary. The following are details of how information is presented in a day view:

1. When an item starts and ends exactly on the hour, it is listed at the top of the row for the starting hour. For example, the "Staff Meeting" item shown in Figure 13 starts on the hour, and is thus displayed at the top of the 8AM to 9AM time slot.

2. When an item starts at a time other than on the hour, the text for the item is placed proportionally down from the top of the hour, with a dashed line immediately above the text. For example, the "CAD Research Project Meeting" starts at half-past the hour, and is thus displayed half way down in the 2PM to 3PM time slot.

3. When an item ends at a time other than on the hour, a dashed line is placed proportionally at the ending time. For example, the "CAD Research Project Meeting" ends at 4:30PM, and its ending time is thus displayed as a dashed line in the middle of the 4PM to 5PM time slot.

4. When an item ends in an hour after the hour in which it begins, a down-pointing arrow is drawn to the ending time. This case is also illustrated by the "CAD Research Project Meeting".

Immediately below the window banner in the day view is a full description of the day of the week, month, and year. To the far left of the day description are three buttons -- a left-pointing arrow, right pointing arrow, and one labeled `Today'. The arrow buttons are used to change the display to the previous or next calendar day. The `Today' button is used to return to today's date. For example, when the user chooses the right-pointing arrow in the display of Figure 13, the display changes to that shown in Figure 14.

1. events are listed immediately below the full date label;

2. tasks are listed below the events;

3. following the tasks are the co-mingled appointments and meetings, listed in time slots.

When no events or tasks are scheduled for a particular day, those display areas are absent. For example, Figure 13 shows the case where no events or tasks are scheduled for a day, whereas Figure 14 shows the case where both events and tasks are scheduled. If only events but not tasks are scheduled, or vice versa, the scheduled events or tasks are displayed, and the other display area is absent.

The following options are available to control the format of the day display:

1. Normal Time Range. This option defines the starting and ending times that normally appear in the left column of the display. The default range of times is 8AM to 5PM.

2. Time Increment. This option defines the time increment of the left column labels. The smallest allowable time increment is five minutes, the largest is twelve hours. When the time increment is less than one hour, the time labels are shown in hour and minute format; when the increment is one hour or greater, the labels are shown as hours with no minutes. The default increment is one hour.

3. Increment Height. This option defines the default minimum number of text lines shown in each time increment. If there are more items starting in an increment than fit in the minimum number of lines, the system automatically increases the height for that increment to a size sufficient to display all items fully. The default value is two lines per increment.

4. Events HeightP and Tasks Height. These options define the maximum number of text lines shown in the event and task areas before vertical scrolling is invoked. If there are more tasks or events than fit in these heights, the system adds vertical scroll bars to one or both areas to allow the additional items to be viewed via scrolling. The default values are two lines for each, not including the labels at the top of each area.

5. Show/Hide 24 Hours. This option toggles between showing a full 24 hours of display versus the normal time range only. Non-normal times are shown with a light grey background, to distinguish them from normal times. Setting this option to hide never hides scheduled items, only non-normal hours during which no items are scheduled. The default value for this option is to hide non-normal times.

6. Show/Hide Exact Time. This option toggles between showing or not showing the starting and ending times for each scheduled item immediately to the left of the title. This option is useful when items do not typically start or end exactly on the hour. The default value for this option is to hide the exact time.

7. Show/Hide Dashed Lines. This option toggles between showing and not showing the dashed lines that appear above and below items that do not start or end on the hour. The default is to show dashed lines.

8. Show/Hide Extension Arrows. This option toggles between showing and not showing the down-pointing arrows for items with end times that extend beyond the hour of the start time. The default is to show extension arrows.

9. Proportional Spacing On/Off. This option toggles between placing items proportionally down from the top of the hour based on starting time. When the option is off, the first (only) item in an hour is placed at the top of that hour and any other items starting in the hour are placed immediately below it. The default is proportional spacing on.

10. Display Overlaps Horizontally or Vertically. This option controls how items with overlapping times are displayed. When displayed horizontally, overlapping items appear side-by-side in separate columns of the day view. When displayed vertically, overlapping items appear on separate lines in a single column, sorted by start time, duration, and title. The default is horizontal display.

11. Default Display Width and Default Display Height. These options control the default width and height of the full daily display. If one or both of the default dimensions is too small to accommodate all information in the display, the information is truncated appropriately and scrollbars are added to the display window. Details of how this truncation is performed are covered in Section .

As an example of alternate option settings, Figure 15 shows a day view of the same information shown in Figure 13, with the following non-default option settings: normal time range 7AM to 6PM; time increment of 1/2 hour; increment height equal to one line; show 24-hour display; show exact time; hide dashed lines; and hide extension arrows.

To illustrate the display of overlapping items, Figure 16 shows an updated version of the daily schedule shown in Figures 13 and 15.

The overlapping items are shown in two new columns next to the items with which they overlap. The left-to-right order of items is based first on start time (earliest first), second on duration (shortest first), and third on alphabetic order of the title. Note that this ordering has placed the "CAD Research Project Meeting" in the rightmost column, even though this item was scheduled by the user before the items with which it overlaps. That is, the order of overlapping items does not depend at all on the chronological order in which the user executes scheduling commands.

The layout of overlapping items may be further complicated when three or more items do not overlap fully, for example if the user were to add an appointment from 3-4PM to the schedule shown in Figure 16. The precise layout rules for such cases are covered in Section .

In displaying overlapping items horizontally, the system attempts to display the full width of all items in one screen. If there is insufficient physical screen width to display all items in full width, the system truncates the display, leaving overlap columns of equal width. If the display window is resized, each column is resized proportionally and equally. Further exact details of truncation and display resizing are covered in Section .

Figure 17 shows the same information as Figure 16, after the user has changed the overlapping display option from horizontal (the default) to vertical.

Of note in Figure 17 is the automatic resizing of the 2PM time slot from two to three rows, even though the current setting of the Increment Height option is 2. Whenever the number of items in a time increment is greater than the current increment height, the system automatically increases the height of the affected increment to show all items that start in that increment. This automatic height increase is performed as necessary for any time increment in a day view, not just for increments with overlapping items.

2.3.1.2. Week Views

After the day view, the next larger-grain level of viewing is a week. There are two choices for the format of the week view: table and lists. These choices are available on a submenu when the user chooses the `Week' command from the `View' menu. When the user chooses the table-style week view, the screen appears as shown in Figure 18.

When the user chooses either style of week view, the displayed week is the one that contains the most recently selected day. Here for example, the user is viewing the week that contains the most recently viewed day of Wednesday, September 23. The current date, that is today's date, is highlighted with a darkened border in the week display. In this scenario, for example, the current date is Wednesday, September 23.

The table-style weekly view shows items in the same format as the day view, except with narrower columns to accommodate all the days of the week. Each item is shown with as much of the title as fits horizontally within its display area. The columns of the weekly table view are all of equal width. If the display window is resized, each column is resized proportionally and equally. Immediately below the window banner in the weekly view is the exact description of the week. To the left of the week description are arrow buttons to go to the previous and next weeks, and a `Today' button to return to the week containing today's date. As with the day view, if there are no events or tasks scheduled for the entire week, then the event and/or task display areas are absent.

A notable aspect of the weekly table view is the display format for days that contain overlapping items. In the example shown in Figure 18, there are three overlapping appointment times. These overlaps are indicated by solid right- pointing arrows wherever overlap occurs. When the user presses a right- pointing arrow, the display for the column scrolls to the left to allow overlapping items to be viewed.

Figure 19 further illustrates the display of overlapping weekly table items.

When the user clicks on the right-pointing arrow at Wednesday 2 PM, the list of 2 PM overlapping items scrolls to the left. The result is shown in Figure 19b, with the changed item circled. Figure 19c shows the result of the user clicking on the right-pointing arrow at Wednesday 8 AM. The display change is again circled. Of note in Figure 19c is that the Office Hour item at 9 AM has been removed from the display. When overlap scrolling in a weekly view, the system displays only complete overlapping items, no partial items. That is, the system removes all items from the display with which a scrolled-to item fully or partially overlaps.

Figure 19d shows the result of the user clicking on the right arrow at Friday 8 AM. This change again illustrates how only one overlapping item is displayed at a time. That is, the Dentist appointment at 8 AM is not displayed at all in 19d, even though it would fit partially in the display. Figure 19d also illustrates that the left-pointing arrow always appears at the top of the item that is displayed. Hence, the left-pointing arrow in 19d appears next to the 9 AM office hour appointment, not in the empty 8AM slot where the Dentist appointment previously appeared.

When necessary, a left-pointing arrow appears to allow scrolling back. Examples of left-pointing arrows are shown in Figures 19b, 19c, and 19d. The 2 PM item in Figures 19b-d has both left- and right-pointing arrows, since there are overlapping items on both sides. When there are no further overlapping items, the left- or right-pointing arrow disappears, as appropriate. Disappearance of the right-pointing arrow is illustrated in the Wednesday 8 AM item in Figure 19c and the Friday 9 AM item in Figure 19d.

All of the display options available for the day view are also available for the table-style week view. In addition, the following display options are available for the week view:

1. Show/Hide Title. This option toggles between showing or not showing the title for each scheduled item. When the user selects to hide item titles, the system automatically turns on the Show Exact Times option, if it is not on already. This prevents both the exact time and title from being hidden simultaneously. The default value for the show/hide title option is to show the title.

2. Normal Day Range. This option defines the starting and ending days that appear along the top of the display. The default range is Sunday through Saturday, inclusive.

3. Show/Hide 7 Days. This option toggles between showing all 7 days of the week versus the range specified as the normal day range, if it is different. Non-normal day columns are shown with a light grey background, to distinguish them from normal days. The default value for this option is to show non-normal times.

The display of a list-style weekly view is shown in Figure 20.

For each day of the week, the items for that day are listed consecutively in the column for that day. The list starts with bold-faced event titles, if any, sorted alphabetically by title. Following the events are the scheduled tasks, if any. Tasks are numbered starting from 1, sorted first by due time, second by priority, and third by title. Tasks without due times appear at the end, sorted first by priority and second by title. After the tasks are the appointments and meetings, sorted first by start time (earliest first), second by duration (shortest first), and third by alphabetic order of the title. No further sorting criteria are necessary for appointments and meetings, since the system disallows multiple scheduled items with exactly the same values for date, start time, duration, and title. A subset of the table-style display options are applicable to the list-style weekly view. These options are:

1. Show/Hide Title.

2. Normal Day Range.

3. Default Display Width and Default Display Height.

An example of the month view was shown originally in the initial screen configuration ( Figure ). since the month view is the standard default. It is chosen explicitly with the `Month' command from the `View' menu. Figure 21 shows the result of the user making this selection for the month of September 1998.

In the month view, the display format for an individual day is the same as the list-style weekly view. That is, the time and title for each item are displayed in a vertically-formatted list, sorted by start time, duration, and title. Since the height of each day in the month view is considerably shorter than in the week view, a transient vertical scrollbar is provided when the number of items in a day is greater than fits vertically in the display box for a day. "Transient" for the scrollbar means that it only appears when the user clicks within a day for which scrolling is necessary. For example, if the user clicks within the display box for Monday September 21 (in Figure 21), the scrollbar appears as shown in Figure 22.

A subset of weekly list-style display options are applicable to the month view. These options are:

1. Show/Hide Title.

2. Default Display Width and Default Display Height.

The largest-grain calendar view is a year, as shown in Figure 23.

Unlike the smaller-grain views, the yearly view shows no information about scheduled items. The user may select any date as the target of another view command to show item details. The only display option that applies to the yearly view is Default Display Width and Default Display Height.

2.3.1.5. Scheduled Item View

The user may view the full scheduling details for an item shown in any day, week, or month display. To do so, the user selects the item time or title and then chooses the `View Item' menu command. A short cut to view item details is to double click on the item time or title in any larger-grain view.

Figure 24 shows the user having selected the item for 8 AM September 25 in a monthly view.

The information displayed for an item is editable by the user. This editability distinguishes the item-level view from the larger-grain daily, weekly, and monthly views. That is, none of the larger-grain displays allows the user to edit any of the displayed item information.

The appointment item display in Figure 25 has the same data fields as the appointment scheduling dialog shown in Figure 5. The item display differs from the scheduling dialog as follows:

1. there is a time and date summary in the item display, just below the window banner;

2. the command buttons at the bottom of the item display are different than in the scheduling dialog.

To change the displayed item, the user makes one or more changes in the item data fields and then presses the `Change' button. As soon as the user changes one or more data fields, the `Change' and `Clear' buttons become enabled, and the `Delete' button becomes disabled. To delete the displayed item (prior to editing any data fields), the user presses `Delete'. The system responds with a confirmation dialog. If the user confirms affirmatively, the system deletes the scheduled item and removes the display from the screen. To clear any edits made since the dialog was intitally displayed, the user presses `Clear'. This disables the `Change' and `Clear' buttons, and re-enables `Delete'.

The effects of the change and delete commands are potentially wide-ranging, particularly for recurring items or meetings with many attendees. Complete details of item change and deletion are covered in Section 2.5.2